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Bunyoro

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the sub-region of Uganda, see Bunyoro sub-region.
"Bunyoro-Kitara" redirects here. For the empire ruled by the Tembuzi and Chwezi dynasties, see Empire of Kitara.
Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom
Obukama bwa Bunyoro-Kitara (Nyoro)
Flag of Bunyoro-Kitara
Flag
Coat of arms of Bunyoro-Kitara
Coat of arms
Motto: Habwa Ruhanga n'Ihanga Lyange
"For God and My Country"
Anthem: "Bunyoro-Kitara Anthem"
Location of Bunyoro (red) in Uganda (pink)
Location of Bunyoro (red)

in Uganda (pink)

Capital
and largest city
Hoima
Official languagesRunyoro, English
Ethnic groups
Banyoro, Bagungu
Demonym(s)Banyoro
GovernmentConstitutional monarchy
• Omukama
Solomon Iguru I
• Prime Minister
Andrew Kirungi Byakutaga Ateenyi
Consolidation 
16th century
Area
17th century[1]80,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi)
now16,114.6 km2 (6,221.9 sq mi)
Population
• Estimate
1.4 million
CurrencyUgandan shilling (UGX)
Time zoneUTC+3
Calling code256
PersonMuNyoro
PeopleBaNyoro
LanguageRuNyoro
CountryBuNyoro

Bunyoro,[a] also called Bunyoro-Kitara, is a traditional Bantu kingdom in Western Uganda. It was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Central and East Africa from the 16th century to the 19th century. It is ruled by the King (Omukama) of Bunyoro-Kitara.[2][3] The current ruler is Solomon Iguru I, the 27th Omukama.[4][5][6]

History

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Establishment

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The kingdom of Bunyoro was established in the late 16th century by Rukidi-Mpuga after the dissolution of the Empire of Kitara.[7] The founders of Bunyoro-Kitara were known as the Babiito, a people who succeeded the Bachwezi.[8]

Archaeological excavations of Bigo bya Mugenyi has shown that the centre of the site was "radically reconstructed so as to include a large, hemispherical mound reminiscent of those made at Shilluk capitals and elsewhere." Oral traditions says that in the long run a capital in the grasslands proved unsuitable for a Luo dynasty, which soon moved its headquarters to the region round and north of Mubende, where agriculture could be practised on a larger scale. It was there, in the northern half of the old Kitara kingdom, that the new kingdom of Bunyoro developed. [9]

Expansion

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The early Bito kings surpassed the feats of their Chwezi forefathers and achieved regional pre-eminence. Recent historical studies by Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Henri Médard and Christopher Wrigley have concluded that Bunyoro during the first one or two centuries of Bito rule was the greatest power in the region. Bito princes established themselves in the kingdom of Kiziba (in northern kagera), the northern Busoga kingdoms and west of the Rwenzoris. As far away as Buzinza, kings claimed to have their origins in Bunyoro. [10]

Decline

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Bunyoro began to decline in the late eighteenth century due to internal divisions. Buganda seized the Kooki and Buddu regions from Bunyoro at the end of the century. In the 1830s, the large province of Tooro separated, claiming much of the lucrative salt works. To the south Rwanda and Ankole were both growing rapidly, taking over some of the smaller kingdoms that had been Bunyoro's vassals.

Thus by the mid-nineteenth century Bunyoro (also known as Unyoro at the time) was a far smaller state, though it was still wealthy due to the income generated from controlling the lucrative trade routes over Lake Victoria and linking to the coast of the Indian Ocean. In particular, Bunyoro benefited from the trade in ivory. Due to the volatile nature of the ivory trade, an armed struggle developed between the Baganda and the Banyoro. As a result, the capital was moved from Masindi to the less vulnerable Mparo. Following the death of Omakuma Kyebambe III, the region experienced a period of political instability where two kings ruled in a volatile political environment.[11][12]

In July 1890 an agreement was settled whereby the entire Buganda region north of Lake Victoria was given to Great Britain. In 1894 Great Britain declared the region its protectorate. In alliance with Buganda, King Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro resisted the efforts of Great Britain, aiming to take control of the kingdom. However, in 1899 Omukama Kabalega was captured and exiled to the Seychelles, and Bunyoro was subsequently annexed to the British Empire. Because of Bunyoro's resistance to the British, a portion of the Bunyoro kingdom's territory was given to Buganda and Tooro.

The country was put under the governance of Buganda administrators. The Banyoro revolted in 1907; the revolt was put down, and relations improved somewhat. After the region remained loyal to Great Britain in World War I a new agreement was made in 1933[13] giving the region more autonomy. Bunyoro remains as one of the five constituent kingdoms of Uganda, along with Buganda, Busoga, Rwenzururu, and Tooro.[12][14]

Contemporary society

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During the first regime of Milton Obote, the Kingdom of Bunyoro initially benefited from regaining the two "lost counties" of Buyaga and Bugangaizi following a 1964 referendum. It was, however, forcefully disbanded in 1967. The kingdom, together with three others, Buganda, Busoga, Tooro, remained banned during the regime of dictator Idi Amin (1971–1979) and the second regime of Milton Obote (1980–1985)[15] and remained banned until 1993.

In 1993[16] the Kingdom was re-established and in 1995 the new constitution of Uganda was made, allowing and recognizing the Kingdoms. The current Kingdom covers the districts of Buliisa District, Hoima district, Kibaale District, Kakumiro District, Kagadi District, Kiryandongo District and Masindi District.

According to 1997 projections, the total population of the Kingdom is between 800,000[17] but there may be 1,400,000 (depending on sources) living in 250,000-350,000 households. 96% of the population lives in rural areas, and only 1% of the population uses electricity for lighting and cooking. More than 92% of the population is poor, and earned less than half that of the Ugandan national average, and about 50% of the population is illiterate.[18][19]

Luo Influence

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The first Bito King Rukidi and his brothers took the totem (Muziro) of the clan of their Luo mother, Nyatworo, which was the bushbuck (Ngabi) because their Chwezi father, Kyomya, abandoned them when they were infants. Today the aristocratic lineages of the Acholi people to the north still have the bushbuck as their totem like the Babito clan of Bunyoro.[20]

The first Babito kings made sure that succession to the throne was restricted to sons born to them by their Luo wives. This gave the Paluo (luo speakers in northern Bunyoro) major political influence in Bunyo-Kitara. It was Oyo Nyimba, Rukidi's son born by Nyamtworo of the Luo clan of Kwonga, who succeeded him. Nyimba in turn made sure that it Waswinyi, born by a Luo woman, who became king after him. The practice of restricting succession to children born by Luo women went on uninterrupted, and thus all the kings of Bunyoro-Kitara were born by Luo women until the year 1733.[21]

In the Acholi language, the term "Bito" is used "generally of the sons of an aristocratic lineage". The Empaako praise names that every Munyoro is given after birth are still found in Acholi, where they are called "Pak", meaning 'praise'. Many of the mpako names are also of Luo origin. Although many Bito personal names are Luo, Bunyoro's political terminology features only two words of Luo origin, "ekikali" ("royal courtyard" found also in the kingdom of Ankole and Rwanda) and "dyangi". Some of the objects which make up the regalia of the Nyoro kings can be identified with artefacts of Nilotic origin.[22][23] The Nyoro word "Mugole" (wife) is a nilotic loanword that can be found in the Acholi "Nya gol" (wife) and beyond that to the Dinka-Nuer word "Gol" (clan, family). It can be found as far south in Rwanda where Mugole/Mugore simply means "woman" in Kinyarwanda. The nyoro word, "wakonga" (pangolin) is related to the Acholi "Okong" and Dinka "Akuong". the Nyoro "Mukago" ("blood-brotherhood" which is initiated by cutting the hands) is related to Shilluk "Kago" and Dinka "Kak" (cut open).[24]

Culture and Society

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In describing the Kingdom of Bunyoro, Samuel Baker states that the people of Bunyoro "have become the most advanced nation in Central Africa; they are well clothed and clean in their persons, courteous and dignified in demeanour, and susceptible of enlarged political organization.”[25]

Bunyoro consists of 3 classes of people, Iru, Huma and Bito. The Iru are commoners who engage in farming and some cattle rearing. The Iru were the Ironsmiths whom the Huma (who did not smelt or smith) obtained their tools and weapons from.[26] There is a Luo speaking community in the Kiryandongo district of northern Bunyoro called the Paluo (or Palwo) or Chope/Chopi. The Paluo were generally regarded as Iru by other Banyoro people. It was possible for Paluo families settling south into the Kitara heartland and assimilating its culture to become part of the Huma category.[27]

The Huma are those engaged only in pastoralism. The name "Bahuma" comes from the verb "okuhuma" which literally means the cacophony of sound made by a herd of cattle on the move, lowing, thudding of hooves and cries of herdsmen.[28] Samuel Baker describes them:[29]

There is a curious custom throughout Unyoro; a peculiar caste are cattle-keepers. These people only attend to the herds and the profession is inherited from past generations. They are called Bahooma. If the herds are carried off in battle, the Bahooma, who never carry arms, accompany them to their new masters and continue their employment. Nothing but death will separate them from their cattle

The Bito are The royal clan originally descended from the Bachwezi and the Luo. Unlike in other kingdoms to the south, intermarriage between the Iru and Huma (Hima) in Bunyoro was never prohibited. It has always been possible for Bunyoro of Iru (commoner) origin to rise to high position in the state as many have done so in historical times.[30]

Art

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Samuel Baker praised the manufactures of Bunyoro artisians, saying that the banyoro "make good earthenware, they sew with needles of their own make, the eye of the needles being simply a fine end overlapped; their smiths are clever and use hammers instead of stones as in neighbouring countries and they draw fine brass and copper wire for ornamenting belts, knife handles".[31]

Medicine

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European travelers in the Great Lakes region of Africa during the 19th century reported cases of surgery in Bunyoro.[32] Medical historians, such as Jack Davies argued in 1959 that Bunyoro's traditional healers were perhaps the most highly skilled in precolonial sub-Saharan Africa, possessing a remarkable level of medical knowledge. One observer noted a "surgical skill which had reached a high standard".[33] Caesarean sections and other abdominal and thoracic operations were performed on a regular basis with the avoidance of haemorrhage and sepsis using antiseptics, anaesthetics and cautery iron.[34] The expectant mother was normally anesthetized with banana wine, and herbal mixtures were used to encourage healing. From the well-developed nature of the procedures employed, European observers concluded that they had been employed for some time.[35] Bunyoro surgeons treated lung inflammations, Pneumonia and pleurisy by punching holes in the chest until the air passed freely. Trephining was carried out and the bones of depressed fractures were elevated. Horrible war wounds, even penetrating abdominal and chest wounds were treated with success, even when this involved quite heroic surgery. Amputations were done by tying a tight ligature just above the line of amputation and neatly cutting off the limb, stretched out on a smooth log, with one stroke of a sharp sword. Banyoro surgeons had a good knowledge of anatomy, in part obtained by carrying out autopsies. Inoculation against smallpox was carried out in Bunyoro and its neighbouring kingdoms. Over 200 plants are used medicinally in eastern Bunyoro alone and recent tests have shown that traditional cures for eczema and post-measles bloody diarrhoea were more effective than western medications. Bunyoro's Medical elite, the "Bafumu", had a system of apprenticeship and even "met at periods for conferences". In Bunyoro, there was a close relationship between the state and traditional healers. Kings gave healers "land spread in the different areas so that their services would reach more people". Moreover, "in the case of a disease hitting a given area", the king would order healers into the affected district. Kabaleega is said to have provided his soldiers were anti-malarial herbs, and even to have organized medical research. A Munyoro healer reported in 1902 that when an outbreak of what he termed sleeping sickness occurred in Bunyoro around 1886–87, causing many deaths, Kabaleega ordered him "to make experiments in the interest of science", which were "eventually successful in procuring a cure".[33][36] Barkcloth, which was used to bandage wounds, has been proven to be antimicrobial.[37]

Economy

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Bunyoro drew various communities together in trade. This trade heavily depended on Bunyoro's rich salt deposits in the lucrative Kibiro saltworks of Lake Mwitanzige and the saltworks located in Lake Katwe.[38] Bunyoro's markets fostered complex interactions between the Banyoro and regional groups such as the Alur, Acholi, Langi, Kumam Iteso, Basoga, Banyankore, Congolese, and Haya populations, and, further, witnessed brisk trade not only in iron implements, salt, and ivory, but also in items like cattle, foodstuffs, beer, tobacco, and coffee.[39] Even despite their bitter rivalry, Bunyoro traded iron hoes and salt with Buganda in exchange for Barkcloth and Bananas[40]

Bunyoro blacksmiths were regarded as among the greatest in east Africa. Bunyoro's historical ties with Luo speakers to the north, many of whom considered Bunyoro as “home,” and with Buganda to the south secured the stability of trade in Bunyoro. The ties also ensured that “Bunyoro’s ironsmiths had a guaranteed market among the Iteso and Langi [to the northeast], peoples who did not smelt”. Having the highest quality of metallurgy in the region made it one of the strongest economic and military powers in the Great Lakes region.[41][42]

Infrastructure

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Bunyoro had a well maintained road system. Henry Colvile was able to move his army along well maintained roads and across carefully bridged streams. John Roscoe, a missionary, also picked up on Bunyoro's network of roads.[43]

Communication

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The people of Bunyoro developed a form of writing based on a floral code[44]

It is especially interesting that the form of writing that developed in Bunyoro was based on a floral code, as the absence of both writing and flowers in African culture have been used by Jack Goody as evidence of African culture's separateness from that of "Eurasia." Goody has written that African peoples generally did not make significant use of flowers in worship, gift-giving or decoration. He does "not know of any indigenous use of odours", nor of plants playing a role in stories or myths. This is thought to be because of Africa's "simple" agriculture, "non-complex" societies and absence of a "culture of luxury". This description of African life does not fit well with what we know of precolonial Bunyoro, a large, relatively ancient, and extremely hierarchical kingdom, and the analysis of the role of flowers was quite inaccurate.

— Shane Doyle, The Language of Flowers: Knowledge, Power and Ecology in Precolonial Bunyoro

Notes

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  1. ^ Nyoro pronunciation: [βuɲôɾo]

References

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  1. ^ Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (2007). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-84162-182-1. At its peak in the 17th century, Bunyoro covered an area of roughly 80,000km2 south and west of the Nile and Lake Victoria.
  2. ^ Stokes, Jamie (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1. Infobase Publishing. pp. 506–509.
  3. ^ "AfriWetu Ep16 - Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom - African Civilisation Series by AfriWetu".
  4. ^ Facts about the Kingdom, https://www.scribd.com/doc/35682709/2010-01-21-Bunyoro-Kitara-Kingdom-General-Information
  5. ^ "Culture and Traditions". Kabalega Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
  6. ^ "Royal Orders - Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (Rep. Uganda) - The most powerful Kingdom in East Africa!". www.bunyoro-kitara.org. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  7. ^ Mwambutsya, Ndebesa, "Pre-capitalist Social Formation: The Case of the Banyankole of Southwestern Uganda. Archived 2008-03-01 at the Wayback Machine" Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review 6, no. 2; 7, no. 1 (June 1990 and January 1991): 78-95
  8. ^ Uzoigwe, GN (1973). "Succession and Civil War in Bunyoro - Kitara". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 6 (1): 49–71. doi:10.2307/216973. JSTOR 216973.
  9. ^ Medieval Africa, 1250-1800. p. 145.
  10. ^ Crisis & Decline in Bunyoro: Population & Environment in Western Uganda 1860-1955. British Institute in Eastern Africa. 2006. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-85255-432-6.
  11. ^ Briggs, Philip (2007). Uganda, 5th: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 11–14.
  12. ^ a b Doyle, Shane (2006). Crisis & decline in Bunyoro : population & environment in western Uganda 1860-1955. London Oxford Kampala Athens, Ohio: British Institute in Eastern Africa in association with James Currey Fountain Publishers Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1634-1.
  13. ^ https://kituochakatiba.org/sites/default/files/legal-resources/THE%20BUNYORO%20AGREEMENT%201933.pdf The Bunyoro Agreement 1933
  14. ^ Doyle, Shane (2000). "Population Decline and Delayed Recovery in Bunyoro, 1860-1960". The Journal of African History. 41 (3): 429–458. doi:10.1017/S0021853700007751. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 183476. S2CID 162522723.
  15. ^ "Uganda Constitution of 1967". Archived from the original on 2010-09-03. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  16. ^ Traditional Rulers (Restitution of Assets and Properties) Act 1993 [1] Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ [2] Archived 2009-12-18 at the Wayback Machine 1997 projections. No current number exists
  18. ^ Uzoigwe, G. N. (1972). "Precolonial Markets in Bunyoro-Kitara". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 14 (4): 422–455. doi:10.1017/S0010417500006794. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 178036. S2CID 145160791.
  19. ^ "Banyoro | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
  20. ^ Beattie, John (1971). The Nyoro State. Clarendon Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-19-823171-4.
  21. ^ Kabalega and the Palwo: Conflict of Aspirations. p. 82.
  22. ^ Beattie, John (1971). The Nyoro State. Clarendon Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-19-823171-4.
  23. ^ Crisis & Decline in Bunyoro: Population & Environment in Western Uganda 1860-1955. British Institute in Eastern Africa. 2006. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-85255-432-6.
  24. ^ SUGIA, Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika. pp. 582–583.
  25. ^ Fieldwork of Empire, 1840-1900: Intercultural Dynamics in the Production of British Expeditionary Literature. Routledge. 20 March 2019. ISBN 978-0-429-55829-0.
  26. ^ The Early History of Kitara in Western Uganda: Process Models of Religious and Political Change, Volume 1. p. 59.
  27. ^ The Early History of Kitara in Western Uganda: Process Models of Religious and Political Change, Volume 1. p. 119.
  28. ^ A History of Bunyoro-Kitara. p. 20.
  29. ^ Beattie, John (1971). The Nyoro State. Clarendon Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-19-823171-4.
  30. ^ Beattie, John (1971). The Nyoro State. Clarendon Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-19-823171-4.
  31. ^ Fieldwork of Empire, 1840-1900: Intercultural Dynamics in the Production of British Expeditionary Literature. Routledge. 20 March 2019. ISBN 978-0-429-55829-0.
  32. ^ "Empire of Kitara: One of the oldest African Empires that existed since 900 AD to date". Theafricanhistory.com. 2 May 2021.
  33. ^ a b Davies, J. N. P. (January 1959). "The Development of 'Scientific' Medicine in the African Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara". Medical History. 3 (1): 47–57. doi:10.1017/s0025727300024248. PMC 1034446. PMID 13632207. ProQuest 1301876103.
  34. ^ Shane Doyle (2006). Crisis & Decline in Bunyoro: Population & Environment in Western Uganda 1860–1955. James Currey Publishers. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-85255-431-9.
  35. ^ Cesarean Section – A Brief History(2008). National Library of Medicine, part 2
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference Thompson1965 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Butler, J.A.; Slate, A.J.; Todd, D.B.; Airton, D.; Hardman, M.; Hickey, N.A.; Scott, K.; Venkatraman, P.D. (July 2021). "A traditional Ugandan Ficus natalensis bark cloth exhibits antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus" (PDF). Journal of Applied Microbiology. 131 (1): 2–10. doi:10.1111/jam.14945. PMID 33247525. S2CID 227191862.
  38. ^ Katwe Salt in the African Great Lakes Regional Economy, 1750s-1950s.
  39. ^ Fieldwork of Empire, 1840-1900: Intercultural Dynamics in the Production of British Expeditionary Literature. Routledge. 20 March 2019. ISBN 978-0-429-55829-0.
  40. ^ Casualty of Empire: Britain's Unpaid Debt to an African Kingdom. Ituri Publications. 2007. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-9536430-7-3.
  41. ^ Fieldwork of Empire, 1840-1900: Intercultural Dynamics in the Production of British Expeditionary Literature. Routledge. 20 March 2019. ISBN 978-0-429-55829-0.
  42. ^ An Economic History of Kenya and Uganda, 1800-1970. Springer. January 1975. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-1-349-02442-1.
  43. ^ Casualty of Empire: Britain's Unpaid Debt to an African Kingdom. Ituri Publications. 2007. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-9536430-7-3.
  44. ^ Doyle, Shane (2003). "The Language of Flowers: Knowledge, Power and Ecology in Precolonial Bunyoro". History in Africa. 30: 107–116. doi:10.1017/S0361541300003168. JSTOR 3172084. S2CID 153346091.
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Unyoro".
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